Comments:
Organophosphate (Nerve Gas) Sheep Dips and the Hen "test" and the Blood/Brain "Barrier".
My name is Frederick W. Plapp, Jr. I have a PhD. in Insecticide Toxicology and retired in 1995 as the toxicologist in the Department of Entomology. Much of my research over a 40 year career involved organophosphate insecticides. My specific areas of research involved elucidation of the mechanisms by which insects, most frequently house flies, became resistant to OP insecticides. I studied both metabolic resistance and target site resistance. My comments here relate to metabolic resistance.
It has been known since about 1960 that when house flies became resistant to insecticides the levels of an esterase known as ali-esterase or carboxylesterase, EC3.1.1.1, declined greatly in resistant insects relative to susceptibles. In work I did, we showed that the loss of the esterase was associated with metabolic resistance to all types of insecticides and not just OPs. We also showed that high levels of cytochrome P-450s and glutathione transferases in resistant insects were due to overexpression of the same enzymes as in susceptibles and not to mutations in the structural genes for the enzymes. In work done in Arizona, 1995-1998 and still not published, we determined that the aliesterase metabolized insect juvenile hormone and loss of the enzyme resulted in high levels of JH. The high JH levels, in turn, resulted in overexpression of the enzymes and therefore, resistance.
In humans, loss of an enzyme defined as paraoxonase, Mackness et al. UK, Haley et al. US, characterized individuals who were poisoned by OPs and/or pyrethroids, insecticides metabolized by an esterase. The natural function of the enzyme is unknown, but I propose it is a retinyl esterase that activates the retinoic acid system. Inhibition of the esterase decreases retinoic acid levels, thereby decreasing induction of detoxifying enzymes.
Humans with autoimmune diseases are known to have abnormally low levels of retinoic acid and exposure to environmental poisons is also known to decrease retinoic acid levels. It is my belief that interference with the function of the retinoic acid system leads to autoimmune disease in humans and that inhibition of the esterase by OPs can result in autoimmune diseases ranging from chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity, to rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus, and probably to cancers associated with loss of ability to kill out of control cell division.
If interested, contact me at <fwplapp@aol.com>.
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