NORTHWEST COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES/NCAP

P. O. B O X 1 3 9 3, E U G E N E, O R E G O N 9 7 4 4 0 / (5 4 1 )3 4 4 -5 0 4 4

JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM/ SUMMER 1998  VOL.18, NO. 2
 
 

PERMETHRIN
BY CAROLINE COX

Back to Pesticide Fact Sheet

References

1. World Health Organization. 1990. Permethrin. Environmental Health Criteria 94. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, and International Labor Organization. Pp.25-26.

2. Gianessi, L.P. and J.E. Anderson. 1995. Pesticide use in U.S. crop production. National summary report. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.

3. Whitmore, R.W., J.E. Kelly, and P.L. Reading. 1992. National home and garden pesticide use survey. Final report, Volume 1: Executive summary, results, and recommendations. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.

4. Ref. # 1, p.18.

5. Vijverberg, H.P.M. and J. van den Bercken. 1990. Neurotoxicological effects and the mode of action of synthetic pyrethroids. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21:105-126.

6. Ref. #1, p.64.

7. Al-Rahji, D.H. 1990. Properties of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase from rat brain and its inhibition by pyre-throids. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 37:116-120.

8. Rao, G.V. and K.S.J. Rao. 1993. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase-A of rat brain by pyrethroids - an in vitro kinetic study. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 124:107-114.

9. Rao, G.V. and K.S.J. Rao. 1995. Modulation of acetylcholinesterase of rat brain by pyrethroids in vivo and an in vitro kinetic study. J. Neurochem. 65:2259-2266.

10. Ramadan, A,A, et al. 1988. Action of pyrethroids on GABA A receptor function. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 32:97-105.

11. Gassner, B. et al. 1997. The pyrethroids permethrin and cyhalothrin are potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial complex I. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 281:855-860.

12. International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1989. Permethrin health and safety guide. Health and Safety Guide No. 33. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, and International Labor Organization.

13. Mitchell, J.A., M.C. Wilson, and M.J. Kallman. 1988. Behavioral effects of pydrin and ambush in male mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 10:113-119.

14. McDaniel, K.L. and V.C. Moser. 1993. Utility of a neurobehavioral screening battery for differentiating the effects of two pyrethroids, permethrin and cypermethrin. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 15:71-83.

15. Peele, D.B. and K.M. Crofton. 1987. Pyrethroid effects on schedule-controlled behavior: Time and dosage relationships. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 9:387-394.

16. FMC Corporation. 1996. Label. Pounce 3.2 EC Insecticide. Label. Philadelphia, PA, Mar.

17. Solaris. 1995. Material safety data sheet. Flea-B-Gon Total Flea Killer Indoor Fogger. San Ramon, CA, July 21.

18. Solaris. 1995. Material safety data sheet. Ortho Total Flea Control 2. San Ramon, CA, July 21.

19. Pfizer Animal Health. Undated. Label. Adams 14 Day Flea Dip.

20. Blaylock, R.L. et al. 1995. Suppression of cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice following oral exposure to permethrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 54:768-774.

21. Stelzer, K.J. and M.A. Gordon. 1984. Effects of pyrethroids on lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 46(1):137-150.

22. Eil, C. and B.C. Nisula. 1990. The binding properties of pyrethroids to human skin fibroblast androgen receptors and to sex hormone binding globulin. J. Steroid Biochem. 35:409-414.

23. Ramadan, A.A. et al. 1988. Actions of pyrethroids on the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 32:106-113.

24. U.S. EPA. Office of Pesticide Programs. Health Effects Division. 1997. Tox oneliners: Permethrin. Washington D.C., June 24.

25. Spencer, F. and Z. Berhane. 1982. Uterine and fetal characteristics in rats following a post-implantational exposure to permethrin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29:84-88.

26. Barrueco, C. et al. 1992. Cytogenetic effects of permethrin in cultured lymphocytes. Mutag. 7:433-437.

27. Surrallés, J. et al. 1995. The suitability of the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes as a new biomarker of excision repair. Mut. Res. 342:43-59.

28. Barrueco, C. et al. 1994. Induction of structural chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocyte cultures and CHO cells by permethrin. Terat. Carcin. Mutag. 14:31-38.

29. Kale, P.G. et al. 1995. Mutagenicity testing of nine herbicides and pesticides currently used in agriculture.  Environ. Molecul. Mutagen. 25:148-153.

30. U.S. EPA. 1997. Office of Pesticide Programs list of chemicals evaluated for carcinogenic potential.  Memo from W.L. Burnam, Health Effects Division, to Health Effects Division branch chiefs, et al. Washington, D.C., Feb. 19.

31. Ref. #1, pp.76-78.

32. El-Touky, M.A. 1989. In vivo studies of the effect of some insecticides on the hepatic activities of L-tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase and pyridoxal phosphokinase of male mice. J. Environ. Sci. Health B24(3):265-276.

33. Tateno, C. et al. 1993. Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on gap junctional intercellular communications in Balb/c3T3 cells by dye transfer assay. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 9:215-222.

34. Ref. #1, pp.71,75-76.

35. Abou-Donia, M.B. et al. 1996. Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin: Implications of Gulf War chemical exposures. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 48:35-56.

36. Stratton, G.W. 1983. Interaction effects of permethrin and atrazine combinations towards several nontarget microorganisms. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31:297-303.

37. Usmani, K.A. 1995. Amitraz effect on the phar-macokinetics of permethrin in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) J. Econ. Entomol. 88:1581-1585.

38. Cantalamessa, F. 1993. Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin and cypermethrin, in neo-natal and adult rats. Arch. Toxicol. 67:510-513.

39. Pall, H.S. et al. 1987. Motorneurone disease as manifestation of pesticide toxicity. The Lancet (Sept. 19): 685.

40. Steventon, G.B., R.H. Waring, and A.C. Williams. 1990. Pesticide toxicity and motor neuron disease. J. Neurol., Neurosurg. Psych. 53(7):621-622.

41. Helson, B.V., K.N. Barber, and P.D. Kingsbury. 1994. Laboratory toxicology of six forestry insecticides to four species of bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:107-114.

42. Cox, R.L. and W.T. Wildon. 1984. Effects of Permethrin on the behavior of individually tagged honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:  Apidae). Environ. Entomol. 13:375-378.

43. Taylor, K.S., G.D. Waller, and L.A. Crowder.  1987. Impairment of a classical conditioned response of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) by sublethal doses of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.  Apidologie 18:243-252.

44. Hassan, S.A. et al. 1983. Results of the second joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods.” Z. ang. Ent. 95:151-158.

45. Varma, G.C. and P.P. Singh. 1987. Effect of insecticides on the emergence of Trichogramma brasiliensis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammitidae) from parasitized host eggs. Entomophaga 32:  443-448.

46. Jiu, G.D. and J.K. Waage. 1990. The effect of insecticides on the distribution of foraging parasitoids, Diaeretiella rapae (Hym.: Braconidae) on plants. Entomophaga 35:49-56.

47. Kreutzweiser, D.P. and P.D. Kingsbury. 1987.  Permethrin treatments in Canadian forests. Part 2: Impact on stream invertebrates. Pestic. Sci.  19:49-60.

48. Siegfried, B.D. 1993. Comparative toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to terrestrial and aquatic insects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:1683-1689.

49. Anderson, R.L. 1982. Toxicity of fenvalerate and permethrin to several nontarget aquatic invertebrates.  Environ. Entomol. 11:1251-1257.

50. Ref. #1, p.59

51. Qadri, S.S. et al. 1987. Haemotoxicity to chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus) by technical and formulation grades of some phosphoric and synthetic pyrethroid esters. J. Appl. Toxicol. 7:367-371.

52. McCorkle, F. et al. 1980. The effect of permethrin on the immune response of chickens. Poul. Sci. 59:1568.

53. U.S. EPA. 1993. Data evaluation record:  permethrin. Avian reproduction study. Reviewed by Charles G. Nace. Washington, D.C., Mar. 12.

54. Eells, J.T. et al. 1993. Differences in the neuroexcitatory actions of pyrethroid insecticides and sodium channel-specific neurotoxins in rat and trout brain synaptosomes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 123:107-119.

55. Haya, K. 1989. Toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:331-391.

56. Ref. #1, pp. 47,48,51-53.

57. Holdway, D.A. and D.G. Dixon. 1988. Acute toxicity of permethrin or glyphosate pulse exposure to larval white sucker ( Catostomus commersoni) and juvenile flagfish ( Jordanella floridae) as modified by age and ration level. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:63-68.

58. Rice, P.J. et al. 1997. Acute toxicity and behavioral effects of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, phenol, strychnine, and 2.4-dinitrophenol to 30-day-old Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:696-704.

59. Kreutzweiser, D.P. and G.A. Wood. 1991.  Permethrin treatment in Canadian forests. Part 3: Environmental fate and distribution in streams.  Pestic. Sci. 33:35-46.

60. Muir, D.C.G., B.R. Hobden, and M.R. Servos.

1994. Bioconcentration of pyrethroid insecticides and DDT by rainbow trout: uptake, depuration, and effect of organic carbon. Aquat. Toxicol. 29:223-240.

61. Kingsbury, P.D. and D.P. Kreutzweiser. 1987.  Permethrin treatment in Canadian forests. Part 1: Impact on stream fish. Pestic. Sci. 19:35-48.

62. Berrill, M. et al. 1993. Lethal and sublethal impacts of pyrethroid insecticides on amphibian embryos and tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:525-539.

63. Yaseem, N. and Nayeemunnisa. 1992. Insecticide induced disruptions in functioning of developing brain of Rana cyanophlictis. Ind. J. Exper. Biol. 30:701-704.

64. McLeese, D.W., C.D. Metcalfe, and V. Zitko.  1980. Lethality of permethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate to salmon, lobster, and shrimp. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25:950-955.

65. U.S. EPA. 1993. EEB review of permethrin. Memo from A.F. Maciorowski, Ecological Effects Branch, to Jay Ellenberger, Special Review and Reregistration Division. Washington, D.C., July 22.

66. Schimmel, S.C. et al. 1983. Acute toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence of AC 222,705, benthiocarb, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, methyl parathion, and permethrin in the estuarine environment.  J. Agric. Food. Chem. 31:104-113.

67. Mokry, L.E. and K.D. Hoagland. 1990. Acute toxicities of five synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia.  Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:1045-1051.

68. Day, K.E. 1989. Acute, chronic and sublethal effects of synthetic pyrethroids on freshwater zooplankton. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:411-416.

67. Jarboe, H.H. and R.P. Romaire. 1991. Acute toxicity of permethrin to four size classes of red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii) and observations of post-exposure effects. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 337-342.

68. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 1998. Pesticide program: Residue monitoring 1996. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/pes96rep.html.

69. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service. Science and Technology. 1998. Pesticide data program: Annual summary calendar year 1996. Washington, D.C.

70. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service. Science and Technology. 1995. Pesticide data program: Annual summary calendar year 1993. Washington, D.C..

71. Wiles, R. and K. Davies. 1995. Pesticides in baby food. Environmental Working Group and National Campaign for Pesticide Policy Reform.  Washington, D.C.

72. Goolsby, D.A. and W.A. Battaglin. 1993. Occurrence, distribution and transport of agricultural chemicals in surface waters of the Midwestern United States. In Goolsby, D.A., L.L. Boyer, and G.E. Mallard. Selected papers on agricultural chemicals in water resources of the midcontinental United States. Open File report 93-418. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey.

73. Williamson, A.K. et al. 1998. Water quality in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington, and Idaho, 1992-1995. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1144. Tacoma WA: U.S. Geological Survey 74. Berndt, M.P. et al. 1998, Water quality in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain, Georgia and Florida, 1992-96: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1151. http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/get?circ1151, updated April 14 .

75. Dubrovsky, N.M. et al. 1998. Water quality in the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, 1992-1995. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1159.  Sacramento, CA: U.S. Geological Survey.

76. Petersen, J.C. et al. 1998, Water quality in the Ozark Plateaus, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, 1992-95. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1158. http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/get?circ1158, April 2.

77. U.S. EPA. Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. 1992. Pesticides in ground water database. A compilation of monitoring studies:  1971-1991. National summary. Washington, D.C., Sept.

78. Helson, B.V., N.J. Payne, and K.M.S. Sundaram. 1993. Impact assessment of spray drift from silvicultural aerial applications of permethrin on aquatic invertebrates using mosquito bioassays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:1635-1642.

79. Sundaram, K.M.S., P. de Groot, and A. Sundaram. 1987. Permethrin deposits and airborne concentrations downwind from a single swath application using a back pack mist blower. J. Environ. Sci. Health B22:171-193.

80. U.S. EPA. 1993. Memo from P.J. Mastradone, Environmental Fate and Ground Water Branch, to L. Deluise, Special Review and Reregistration Division. EFGWB review of permethrin. Washington, D.C., Aug. 24.

81. Su, N., R.H. Scheffrahn, and P.M. Ban. 1993. Barrier efficacy of pyrethroid and organophosphate formulations against subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 86:772-776.

82. Sundaram, K.M.S., B.V. Helson, and N.J. Payne. 1992. Distribution and persistence of aerially sprayed permethrin in some terrestrial components of a boreal plantation forest. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40:2523-2529.

83. Gassner, B. et al. 1997. Topical application of synthetic pyrethroids to cattle as a source of persistent environmental contamination. J. Environ. Sci. Health B32(5):729-739.

84. Pree, D.J. et al. 1990. Occurrence of pyrethroid resistance in pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) populations from southern Ontario. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:2159-2163.

85. Smith, J.E. 1991. Insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 39:84-91.

86. Atkinson, T.H. et al. 1991. Pyrethroid resistance and synergism in a field strain of the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 84:1247-1250.

87. Marshall, D.B. and D.J. Pree. 1986. Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on eggs and larvae of resistance and susceptible populations of spotted tentiform leafminer. Can. Ent. 118:1123- 1130.

88. Tabashnik, B.E., N.J. Cushing, and M.W. Johnson. Diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) resistance to insecticides in Hawaii:  Intra-island variation and cross-resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 80:1091-1099.

89. Shen, J. and F.W. Plapp. 1990. Cyromazine resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): Genetics and cross-resistance to diflubenzuron. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:1689-1697.

90. Cilek, J.E. and G.L. Greene. 1994. Stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) insecticide resistance in Kansas cattle feedlots. J. Econ. Entomol. 87:275-279.

91. Rupes, V. et al. 1995. A resistance of head lice ( Pediculus capitis) to permethrin in the Czech Republic. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 3:30-32. (Abstr.)

92. Mumcuoglu, K.Y. et al. 1995. Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel. Med. Vet. Entomol. 9:427-432, 447. (Abstract.)

93. Burgess, I.F. et al. 1995. Head lice resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in Britain. Brit. Med. J. 311(7007):752.

94. Wolfenbarger, A. and J. Vargas-Camplis. 1997.  Tobacco budworm response to pyrethroid insecticides in the Winter Garden area and in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Resist. Pest Manage. 9:39-42.

95. ICI Americas Inc. 1990. Material safety data sheet: Ambush 2E. Wilmington, DE, Aug. 9.

96. Ortiz, D. et al. 1995. Acute toxicological effects in rats treated with a mixture of commercially formulated products containing methyl parathion and permethrin. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 32:154-158.

97. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1995. Toxicological pro-file for total xylenes. Atlanta, GA, Aug.

98. Warner-Lambert Co. Undated. Nix ® permethrin/lice treatment. www.healing-aid.com/nix.html.

99. Acros Organics. 1996. Material safety data sheet: methyl p-hydroxybenzoate. Fairlawn, NJ, Feb. 1.

100. MG Industries. 1997. Material safety data sheet dimethyl ether. Malvern, PA, Dec. 9.

101. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. 1997. Material safety data sheet: Raid ® Yard Guard Formula V. Racine, WI, Feb. 25.

102. S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. 1996. Material safety data sheet: OFF! Yard & Deck Area Repellent I. Racine, WI, Oct. 2.

103. Messer-MG Industries. 1997. Material safety data sheet: n-Butane. Malvern, PA, Dec. 9.